Camera
Cinematography- The art of photography and camerawork in film-making.
Camera Distance
Different types of close up shots are used to convey many things such as; emotions, clothes, movement and intimacy.
medium shots are used to create many things such as; conflict, emotional gap between characters or connect the characters physically and/or emotionally.
Their are many reasons to use long shots such as; to establish location and character to see what they're wearing, to tell what kind of atmosphere the characters are in. Also a long shot could give a sense of isolation and distance between characters both emotionally and/or physically.
Camera Angle
Low angle shots are used to make characters seem more dangerous, or in charge and powerful. It could also be used to show direction. It can be used on both people and places.
Low Angle shot can also be Point of View.
High Angle shot can be used to make things look small, alone/isolated or powerless. A high angle shot will give you an overview of a scene. You can also have a high angle shot from point of view.
Extreme high angle shots are used to make something seem scary and to show height.
A crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane, device which resembles a huge mechanical arm.
Aerial shots are taken from planes or helicopters. This can be used to establish the location and to present a journey.
Juxtaposed shows two shots from two opposites e.g. high angle to low angle
Depth of field
Depth of field is directly connected, but not to be confused, with focus.
Focus is the quality- the 'sharpness' of an object as it is registered in the image
Depth of field refers to the extent which the space represented is in focus.
Depth of field refers to the range of distances from the camera at which acceptably sharp focus can be obtained.
Factors which influence depth of field:
Depth of focus emphasises and shows a lot of people being moved to places, for example: transportation to the concentration camps in The Pianist.
Shallow focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique incorporating a small depth of field. In shallow focus one plane of the image is in focus while the rest is out of focus. Shallow focus is typically used to emphasise one part of the image over another.
Selective Focus- Use of limited depth of field to focus sharply on a specific object in a scene, while other parts are clearly out-of-focus.
Rack Focus- A rack focus in filmmaking and television production is the practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot. The term can refer to small or large changes of focus. If the focus is shallow, then the technique becomes more noticeable.
Differential Focus- Differential focus is a term used to describe how an image has been designed by the photographer. The photographer intentionally keeps specific aspects of the image in sharp focus whilst allowing other parts to fall out of focus.
Camera Movement
Dolly shot- Tracks are laid on the set to permit smooth movement of the camera, which can then follow a moving person or object.
Tracking/Trucking shot- A shot taken from a moving vehicle, that follows a moving person and animal.
For closer work, there is hand-held or shoulder held. Hand-held cameras are often used to give a deliberately unsteady effect, to suggest authenticity as in a documentary.
Steadicam- now used instead of dollies because it gives a smoother, less jerky result than a hand-held camera, but has flexibility a stationary camera can't have.
Reverse tracking- Tracking shots are usually made on a slight angle from the side of the subject; occasionally a following shot will be shot from behind.
Following shots are not common because faces cannot be seen.
Reverse Tracking is used when the director wants to focus on the face of the character being tracked.
Pan- This describes how the camera is swivelled from side to side (usually left to right) on the tripod to scan across a scene. The speed/ direction of the pan can affect the mood/meaning of the shot.
Tack- The camera moves alongside/ in towards or away from its subject. This is not the same as zooming in with the lens but is done physically by running the camera along, often a track and/or dolly. Cranes can also be used.
Zoom In and Out- This is when the camera focuses in or out of a subject. Zooming in can create tension, and zooming out can reveal something previously unseen.
High Angle shot can be used to make things look small, alone/isolated or powerless. A high angle shot will give you an overview of a scene. You can also have a high angle shot from point of view.
Extreme high angle shots are used to make something seem scary and to show height.
A crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane, device which resembles a huge mechanical arm.
Aerial shots are taken from planes or helicopters. This can be used to establish the location and to present a journey.
Juxtaposed shows two shots from two opposites e.g. high angle to low angle
Depth of field
Depth of field is directly connected, but not to be confused, with focus.
Focus is the quality- the 'sharpness' of an object as it is registered in the image
Depth of field refers to the extent which the space represented is in focus.
Depth of field refers to the range of distances from the camera at which acceptably sharp focus can be obtained.
Factors which influence depth of field:
- Lighting conditions
- Camera filter
- Shutter
- Gain
- Lens angle (zoom)
Depth of focus emphasises and shows a lot of people being moved to places, for example: transportation to the concentration camps in The Pianist.
Shallow focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique incorporating a small depth of field. In shallow focus one plane of the image is in focus while the rest is out of focus. Shallow focus is typically used to emphasise one part of the image over another.
Selective Focus- Use of limited depth of field to focus sharply on a specific object in a scene, while other parts are clearly out-of-focus.
Rack Focus- A rack focus in filmmaking and television production is the practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot. The term can refer to small or large changes of focus. If the focus is shallow, then the technique becomes more noticeable.
Differential Focus- Differential focus is a term used to describe how an image has been designed by the photographer. The photographer intentionally keeps specific aspects of the image in sharp focus whilst allowing other parts to fall out of focus.
Camera Movement
Dolly shot- Tracks are laid on the set to permit smooth movement of the camera, which can then follow a moving person or object.
Tracking/Trucking shot- A shot taken from a moving vehicle, that follows a moving person and animal.
For closer work, there is hand-held or shoulder held. Hand-held cameras are often used to give a deliberately unsteady effect, to suggest authenticity as in a documentary.
Steadicam- now used instead of dollies because it gives a smoother, less jerky result than a hand-held camera, but has flexibility a stationary camera can't have.
Reverse tracking- Tracking shots are usually made on a slight angle from the side of the subject; occasionally a following shot will be shot from behind.
Following shots are not common because faces cannot be seen.
Reverse Tracking is used when the director wants to focus on the face of the character being tracked.
Pan- This describes how the camera is swivelled from side to side (usually left to right) on the tripod to scan across a scene. The speed/ direction of the pan can affect the mood/meaning of the shot.
Tack- The camera moves alongside/ in towards or away from its subject. This is not the same as zooming in with the lens but is done physically by running the camera along, often a track and/or dolly. Cranes can also be used.
Zoom In and Out- This is when the camera focuses in or out of a subject. Zooming in can create tension, and zooming out can reveal something previously unseen.
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